Kemal Atatürk [1] (or additionally composed as Kamâl Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Pasha [a] until 1934, typically referred to as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; [b] 1881 [c]-- 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, advanced statesman, author, and the founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 up until his death in 1938. His humane dictatorship carried out sweeping progressive reforms, which modernized Turkey into a secular, industrial nation.Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his policies and theories became referred to as Kemalism. Due to his military and political accomplishments, Atatürk is concerned according to studies as one of the greatest leaders of the 20th century.
Atatürk concerned prominence for his role in securing the Ottoman Turkish success at the Battle of Gallipoli (1915) during World War I. Following the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, he led the Turkish National Movement, which resisted mainland Turkey's partition amongst the victorious Allied powers. Establishing a provisionary federal government in the present-day Turkish capital Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies, hence emerging triumphant from what was later referred to as the Turkish War of Self-reliance. He consequently proceeded to abolish the decrepit Ottoman Empire and announced the structure of the Turkish Republic in its location.
As the president of the recently formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk initiated a rigorous program of political, financial, and cultural reforms with the supreme objective of building a modern, progressive and nonreligious nation-state. He made main education totally free and mandatory, opening thousands of brand-new schools all over the country. He also presented the Latin-based Turkish alphabet, replacing the old Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Turkish women got equivalent civil and political rights during Atatürk's presidency ahead of lots of Western countries. [8] In particular, females were provided ballot rights in regional elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a few years later on, in 1934, full universal suffrage, earlier than most other democracies worldwide.
His government carried out a policy of Turkicisation, attempting to create an uniform and unified nation. Under Atatürk, non-Turkish minorities were Check out the post right here pushed to speak Turkish in public, non-Turkish toponyms and last names of minorities had actually to be changed to Turkish renditions. The Turkish Parliament gave him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which indicates "Daddy of the Turks", in recognition of the function he played in building the modern-day Turkish Republic. [16] He died on 10 November 1938 at Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, at the age of 57 he was prospered as President by his long-time Prime Minister İsmet İnönü [18] and was bestowed a state funeral service. His iconic mausoleum in Ankara, constructed and opened in 1953, is surrounded by a park called the Peace Park in honor of his famous expression "Peace in the house, Peace in the World".
In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the United Nations and UNESCO, which declared it The Atatürk Year worldwide and adopted the Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial, explaining him as "the leader of the very first struggle provided versus colonialism and imperialism" and a "amazing promoter of the sense of understanding in between individuals and durable peace in between the countries of the world which he worked all his life for the development of harmony and cooperation in between individuals without distinction". [19] [20] Atatürk is celebrated by numerous memorials and locations named in his honor throughout Turkey and the world. Eleftherios Venizelos, former Prime Minister of Greece, forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934 Nobel Peace Prize.